Flu Vaccine for Healthcare Workers:

Dr. Sanjay Saint is the George Dock Professor of Medicine at the University of Michigan. He is my Primary Research Mentor and has influenced me profoundly when it comes to how best to prevent healthcare-associated infections. I invited him to talk about his recent work on mandating influenza vaccination for healthcare workers here on the ImprovePICC blog site. This is a topic that clearly affects all vascular access nurses, physicians and providers that work in hospitals or inpatient care facilities. He was kind enough to agree. 

VC: Tell me about the controversy related to your recent research paper on influenza vaccination.

SS: There has been quite a bit of controversy related to mandating influenza vaccination for healthcare workers. Much of the discussion has appeared on the important blog  “Controversies in Hospital Infection Prevention” hosted by infectious disease specialists Drs. Eli Perencevich, Mike Edmond, and Dan Diekema of the University of Iowa. I respond on the blog itself to these issues and am happy to do so here for the vascular access and nursing community.
​
Our recent editorial in The Wall Street Journal on mandatory flu vaccination for healthcare workers elicited strong opinions, especially on social media. The impetus for our editorial was a recent paper published in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology in which we found through a national survey of lead infection preventionists that 42.7% of nonfederal hospitals had a policy mandating flu vaccinations for healthcare workers while only 1.3% of VA hospitals did.

In a 22 December 2015 blog post, Dr. Perencevich clarified his position by writing that he is “in favor of mandating influenza vaccination of healthcare workers (for now)”. I am in agreement. While the data supporting mandatory healthcare worker flu vaccination is perhaps not as robust as researchers would like – when is it? – in my opinion, it is compelling enough to move forward unless new data emerge that reveal the mandate to be unnecessary or ineffective.

VC: Can you tell me a bit about  the most compelling studies supporting mandatory vaccinations?
SS: The first is a systematic review from Faruque Ahmed, PhD -- a senior scientist in the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – and four other CDC researchers.  Here are the verbatim  Results and Conclusions from their abstract:
Results. We identified 4 cluster randomized trials and 4 observational studies conducted in long-term care or hospital settings. Pooled risk ratios across trials for all-cause mortality and influenza-like illness were 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], .59–.85) and 0.58 (95% CI, .46–.73), respectively; pooled estimates for all-cause hospitalization and laboratory-confirmed influenza were not statistically significant. The cohort and case-control studies indicated significant protective associations for influenza-like illness and laboratory-confirmed influenza. No studies reported harms to patients. Using GRADE, the quality of the evidence for the effect of HCP vaccination on mortality and influenza cases in patients was moderate and low, respectively. The evidence quality for the effect of HCP vaccination on patient hospitalization was low. The overall evidence quality was moderate.
Conclusions. The quality of evidence is higher for mortality than for other outcomes. HCP influenza vaccination can enhance patient safety.
 
VC: But how may influenza vaccination reduce all-cause mortality?
SS: I am not sure. But previous studies have found influenza vaccination reduces cardiovascular events and venous thromboembolism. How vaccination may affect these outcomes is also not known - but it isn't irrational to also include all-cause mortality as an outcome given the myriad benefits of influenza vaccination in the literature. 

VC: What about the other studies you mention?
SS: The second study (not included in the aforementioned systematic review, but mentioned in the postscript), is a cluster randomized trial of hospitalized patients in the Netherlands published in June 2013. Here's the abstract:
Nosocomial influenza is a large burden in hospitals. Despite recommendations from the World Health Organization to vaccinate healthcare workers against influenza, vaccine uptake remains low in most European countries. We performed a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in order to assess the effects of implementing a multi-faceted influenza immunisation programme on vaccine coverage in hospital healthcare workers (HCWs) and on in-patient morbidity. We included hospital HCWs of three intervention and three control University Medical Centers (UMCs), and 3,367 patients. An implementation programme was offered to the intervention UMCs to assess the effects on both vaccine uptake among hospital staff and patient morbidity. In 2009/10, the coverage of seasonal, the first and second dose of pandemic influenza vaccine as well as seasonal vaccine in 2010/11 was higher in intervention UMCs than control UMCs (all p<0.05). At the internal medicine departments of the intervention group with higher vaccine coverage compared to the control group, nosocomial influenza and/or pneumonia was recorded in 3.9% and 9.7% of patients of intervention and control UMCs, respectively (p=0.015). Though potential bias could not be completely ruled out, an increase in vaccine coverage was associated with decreased patient in-hospital morbidity from influenza and/or pneumonia.

A third study (from another group in the Netherlands) used decision-analytic modeling to estimate the effects of healthcare worker influenza vaccination in the hospital setting.  The abstract is below:
Nowadays health care worker (HCW) vaccination is widely recommended. Although the benefits of this strategy have been demonstrated in long-term care settings, no studies have been performed in regular hospital departments. We adapt a previously developed model of influenza transmission in a long-term care nursing home department to study the effects of HCW vaccination in hospital wards. We study both the effectiveness and efficiency in reducing the hazard rates of influenza virus infection for patients. Most scenarios under study show a similar or higher impact of hospital HCW vaccination than has been predicted for the long-term care nursing home department. Therefore, it seems justified to extend the recommendations for HCW vaccination, based on results in the long-term care setting, to short-term care settings as well.

VC: So where does the controversy stand now?
SS: Dr. Perencevich recently wrote: “There is no data supporting the benefits of healthcare worker vaccination in acute care hospital settings…We are basing acute-care hospital policy on one observational study.” I would thus modify this by stating we are basing acute-care hospital policy on a cluster randomized trial done in a hospital setting, an observational study performed in a hospital setting, a decision analytic model explicitly focusing on an acute-care setting, and 4 randomized studies from long-term care settings as part of a well-done systematic review.

VC: Have professional societies weighed in on a mandatory influenza policy? 
SS: While the opinion of professional societies may not always be correct, I am impressed by the strong support in the scientific community for mandatory influenza vaccination for healthcare workers.  The list of societies that support mandatory influenza vaccination for healthcare personnel includes: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Physicians, American Hospital Association, American Public Health Association, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, National Patient Safety Foundation, and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology for America.

VC: Is it ethical to mandate flu vaccine for healthcare workers?
SS: For guidance, I turn to Arthur L. Caplan, PhD, one of the country’s foremost medical ethicists and whose opinion about white coats on work you and I are doing was recently highlighted on “Controversies in Hospital Infection Prevention”. Writing in 2013, Professor Caplan states:
“The moral case for limiting health care workers' choice concerning influenza vaccination rests on 4 principles: the professional duty to put patients' interests first, the obligation to do no harm, the requirement to protect those who cannot protect themselves, and the obligation to set a good example for the public. It is hard to see how the invocation of personal liberty claimed by some health care workers who oppose mandates could overcome this powerful “four-legged” moral case in support of an influenza vaccination mandate…Mandating vaccination is consistent with professional ethics; benefits many, some of whom must rely on health care workers to protect them; and sets an example that permits honest engagement with the public in educating them to do the right thing about all recommended vaccines.”